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臺(tái)區(qū)末端低電壓?jiǎn)栴}分析和治理方法

2024-10-18

根據(jù)國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn),我國(guó)輸電線路的電壓波動(dòng)應(yīng)控制在-10%至+7%之間。為確保配電線路的實(shí)際電壓水平符合用電設(shè)備的要求,通常會(huì)將線路長(zhǎng)度保持在一個(gè)合理的范圍內(nèi),并避免過載運(yùn)行。然而,隨著電力需求的增長(zhǎng),許多情況下由于各種條件限制,不得不延長(zhǎng)線路以滿足新增負(fù)荷的需求。這種情況下,線路阻抗和用電負(fù)荷隨之增加,導(dǎo)致實(shí)際電壓難以維持穩(wěn)定。一旦電壓超出允許的波動(dòng)范圍,就會(huì)對(duì)電力系統(tǒng)及用電設(shè)備產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重影響,尤其是末端用戶的電壓可能超出設(shè)備正常工作的電壓范圍。

在我國(guó)城鄉(xiāng)電網(wǎng)中,普遍存在供電半徑過大、線徑較小以及負(fù)荷波動(dòng)較大的情況,這些因素共同作用使得線路末端電壓不合格的問題變得難以避免。

末端低電壓的危害

**對(duì)電力系統(tǒng)的影響:**

- 低電壓可削弱發(fā)電和供電設(shè)備的輸出能力,降低整體供電可靠性。

- 極端情況下可能導(dǎo)致電壓崩潰、頻率下降乃至大面積停電事故。

- 對(duì)電力公司的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益造成負(fù)面影響。

**對(duì)用電設(shè)備的影響:**

- 不合格的電壓直接影響設(shè)備的安全性和經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行。例如,異步電動(dòng)機(jī)在電壓不足時(shí),轉(zhuǎn)矩減小,電流增大,從而引起溫升上升,嚴(yán)重時(shí)甚至燒毀電機(jī);而電壓過高則會(huì)導(dǎo)致勵(lì)磁電流與鐵損增加,使電機(jī)過熱且效率降低。

- 家用電器同樣受到影響。當(dāng)電壓低于額定值10%時(shí),白熾燈亮度會(huì)減少30%;高于額定值10%時(shí),燈泡壽命則縮短一半。此外,低電壓還會(huì)影響空調(diào)制冷效果、手機(jī)充電速度以及電視信號(hào)接收質(zhì)量等。

**系統(tǒng)損耗:**

- 在輸送相同功率的情況下,系統(tǒng)損耗與運(yùn)行電壓平方成反比。因此,電壓下降會(huì)導(dǎo)致電流和損耗增加,進(jìn)一步加大了系統(tǒng)的總損耗。

**變壓器運(yùn)行:**

- 配電變壓器不平衡運(yùn)行時(shí),中線電流增大,增加了銅損和鐵損,降低了運(yùn)行效率,同時(shí)影響到變壓器的安全性。

低電壓臺(tái)區(qū)產(chǎn)生的原因

配電網(wǎng)中的“低電壓”問題具有明顯的季節(jié)性和區(qū)域性特征,并表現(xiàn)出動(dòng)態(tài)和復(fù)雜的特點(diǎn)。主要成因包括:

1. **供電半徑過大**:

   - 臺(tái)區(qū)的低壓供電半徑過長(zhǎng)是導(dǎo)致末端電壓偏低的關(guān)鍵因素之一。根據(jù)某省的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù),平均低壓供電半徑為1.56公里,其中超過0.8公里的供電半徑占到低電壓臺(tái)區(qū)總數(shù)的85%。較長(zhǎng)的供電距離增加了線路的阻抗,從而降低了末端用戶的電壓水平。

2. **線徑偏細(xì)及線路老化**:

   - 當(dāng)前仍有許多低壓線路使用35平方毫米或更小的線徑,這些較細(xì)的導(dǎo)線增加了線路的電阻,進(jìn)而加大了電壓降。此外,部分線路由于長(zhǎng)期使用而出現(xiàn)老化現(xiàn)象,進(jìn)一步加劇了電壓質(zhì)量問題。

3. **配變?nèi)萘坎蛔?*:

   - 部分臺(tái)區(qū)的變壓器負(fù)載率過高,達(dá)到90%以上的比例占低電壓臺(tái)區(qū)總數(shù)的43%。同時(shí),低電壓臺(tái)區(qū)的戶均配電變壓器容量?jī)H為0.63kVA,低于0.83kVA的平均水平,這表明在高峰負(fù)荷時(shí)段,現(xiàn)有的變壓器配置無法滿足需求,導(dǎo)致電壓下降。

4. **三相負(fù)荷不平衡**:

   - 在一些臺(tái)區(qū)中,三相線路的負(fù)荷分配不均衡,特別是在高溫高負(fù)荷期間,這種不平衡會(huì)導(dǎo)致單相過載和中性點(diǎn)偏移,使得電壓質(zhì)量顯著惡化。

5. **小水電地區(qū)特有的問題**:

   - 在小水電資源豐富的鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū),豐水季節(jié)時(shí)發(fā)電量大增可能導(dǎo)致局部區(qū)域電壓升高;而在枯水季節(jié),由于發(fā)電量減少甚至停止發(fā)電,長(zhǎng)距離輸電線路造成的電壓損失變得尤為明顯,從而在同一地點(diǎn)出現(xiàn)了高電壓與低電壓交替的現(xiàn)象。

通過以上分析可以看出,低電壓?jiǎn)栴}的成因多樣且相互關(guān)聯(lián),解決這些問題需要綜合考慮多種因素并采取針對(duì)性措施。

LSVR型末端低電壓治理裝置的優(yōu)勢(shì)

安裝LSVR型末端低電壓治理裝置可以顯著提升變壓器分接開關(guān)的調(diào)壓能力,有效解決農(nóng)村電網(wǎng)中末端電壓過低的問題。該裝置具有以下優(yōu)點(diǎn):

- **直接有效的解決方案**:能夠迅速改善低壓線路末端的電壓水平,確保穩(wěn)定供電。

- **成本效益高**:與傳統(tǒng)方法相比,該裝置在投資和運(yùn)營(yíng)成本上更為經(jīng)濟(jì)。

- **快速部署**:建設(shè)速度快,能夠在短時(shí)間內(nèi)完成安裝并投入使用。

- **高效性能**:電壓提升效果明顯,能夠滿足農(nóng)村電網(wǎng)的需求。

- **緊湊設(shè)計(jì)**:裝置體積小,便于在空間有限的環(huán)境中安裝。

- **低功耗**:運(yùn)行時(shí)能耗低,進(jìn)一步降低運(yùn)營(yíng)成本。

- **易于維護(hù)**:安裝簡(jiǎn)便,維護(hù)工作量少,降低了長(zhǎng)期運(yùn)維的復(fù)雜性。

- **長(zhǎng)壽命**:采用高質(zhì)量材料和先進(jìn)設(shè)計(jì),確保了較長(zhǎng)的使用壽命。

- **強(qiáng)大的保護(hù)功能**:具備多種保護(hù)機(jī)制,提高了系統(tǒng)的可靠性和安全性。

綜上所述,LSVR型末端低電壓治理裝置是解決農(nóng)村電網(wǎng)中長(zhǎng)距離輸電導(dǎo)致的低電壓?jiǎn)栴}的理想選擇,能夠?yàn)榫用裉峁┓€(wěn)定可靠的電力供應(yīng)。

上一篇:線路過長(zhǎng)電壓過低如何解決
下一篇:有哪些常見的電壓降問題?

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